The AZ-700 Designing and Implementing Azure Networking Solution Training focuses on infrastructure in Microsoft Azure. Participants learn to secure, monitor, and optimize network connectivity across hybrid environments using services like VNets, VPN Gateway, ExpressRoute, Application Gateway, Azure Firewall, and Network Watcher. Ideal for Azure network engineers, this course builds practical skills required for real-world scenarios and prepares learners for the Azure Network Engineer Associate certification exam with in-depth, hands-on training.
Design and Implement Azure Networking Solutions (AZ-700) Training Interview Questions Answers - For Intermediate
1. What is the function of a VPN Gateway in Azure?
Azure VPN Gateway connects your on-premises network to Azure via site-to-site, point-to-site, or VNet-to-VNet tunnels. It encrypts traffic over the public internet using IPsec/IKE protocols and supports high availability configurations. VPN Gateway is a key component in establishing hybrid connectivity between Azure and your data center.
2. How does Azure Route Server simplify dynamic routing?
Azure Route Server simplifies the exchange of BGP routes between your virtual network and your NVA without needing to configure or manage manual route updates. It enables dynamic and automatic route propagation, allowing your NVA to learn routes from Azure and vice versa, which is particularly useful in complex routing scenarios.
3. When would you use Azure Front Door over Application Gateway?
Azure Front Door is a global, layer 7 load balancer designed for high-performance, low-latency content delivery and global failover. It's suitable for global applications with users in multiple geographies. Application Gateway, however, is region-specific and supports features like WAF and SSL termination, making it better suited for internal, regional, or complex application delivery scenarios.
4. What are IP Groups in Azure Firewall and how are they used?
IP Groups in Azure Firewall simplify rule management by allowing you to group IP addresses and ranges together. Instead of listing individual IPs in firewall rules, you can reference an IP Group, which improves rule clarity and simplifies maintenance, especially in environments with many IP-based rules.
5. How can you enforce outbound traffic filtering in Azure?
To filter outbound traffic, you can use Azure Firewall or configure NSG outbound rules on subnets and NICs. Additionally, route tables with UDRs can direct outbound traffic through a Network Virtual Appliance (NVA) or Azure Firewall, where granular rules and logging can be enforced for outbound communications.
6. What is the use of Azure NAT Gateway?
Azure NAT Gateway allows outbound connectivity for Azure resources in a VNet without the need for a public IP on individual VMs. It provides a scalable, secure way to manage SNAT (Source Network Address Translation) for outbound traffic and supports static public IPs for predictable connectivity.
7. How do you configure custom DNS for an Azure VNet?
Custom DNS servers can be assigned to a VNet during or after its creation via the DNS settings. These servers override the default Azure-provided DNS. This is useful when you want to use on-premises DNS for hybrid scenarios or implement name resolution policies that Azure DNS does not support.
8. What is service chaining in Azure and why is it important?
Service chaining is a method of directing traffic through a sequence of services, like NVAs or firewalls. In Azure, this can be achieved using UDRs and Azure Firewall to control how traffic flows between subnets. It’s important for implementing layered security, inspection, and compliance workflows in network design.
9. Explain the concept of Azure Network Watcher Connection Monitor.
Connection Monitor helps track network connectivity between Azure resources and external endpoints. It validates reachability, latency, and packet loss, providing insights into network performance. This tool is essential for identifying broken paths and latency issues in real-time across distributed deployments.
10. How does Azure Virtual WAN simplify large-scale network management?
Azure Virtual WAN centralizes connectivity by creating a global transit network architecture. It integrates VPN, ExpressRoute, and SD-WAN to connect branches, data centers, and Azure regions. This simplifies configuration, monitoring, and scaling of complex enterprise networks with many branch offices or hybrid connections.
11. What is the function of Network Security Groups (NSGs) in subnet versus NIC-level configurations?
Applying NSGs at the subnet level affects all resources within that subnet, while NSG rules at the NIC level apply only to a specific VM. Subnet-level NSGs are typically used for broad policies, while NIC-level NSGs offer granular control over individual VM traffic flows.
12. Can you explain forced tunneling in Azure networking?
Forced tunneling directs all outbound internet-bound traffic from Azure through your on-premises network via a VPN or ExpressRoute. This is configured using UDRs that send traffic to the virtual appliance or gateway. It’s used for centralized inspection, logging, and compliance requirements.
13. What is a Virtual Network TAP and when would you use it?
A Virtual Network TAP (Terminal Access Point) allows you to continuously mirror network traffic from a virtual machine’s NIC to a packet collector or monitoring device. It’s useful for network packet inspection, performance monitoring, or deep packet analysis in security-focused environments.
14. How does Azure Traffic Manager differ from Azure Load Balancer?
Azure Traffic Manager is a DNS-based global traffic distribution solution, while Azure Load Balancer operates at Layer 4 for regional load balancing. Traffic Manager routes user requests based on policies like geographic location or endpoint health, making it ideal for global applications. Load Balancer handles real-time load balancing of internal or external traffic within a region.
15. What security best practices should be followed when implementing Azure networking solutions?
Best practices include using NSGs and Azure Firewall for layered protection, enabling diagnostic logs, segmenting networks with subnets, avoiding exposure of VMs via public IPs, using Azure Bastion for remote access, and leveraging Private Link and Service Endpoints for secure service access. Regular audits, threat detection with Defender for Cloud, and encryption in transit and at rest further enhance network security
Design and Implement Azure Networking Solutions (AZ-700) Training Interview Questions Answers - For Advanced
1. What are the key differences between Azure Standard Load Balancer and Basic Load Balancer, and when should each be used?
Azure Standard Load Balancer offers advanced features like zone redundancy, diagnostics, higher scale, and secure backend pools compared to Basic Load Balancer. Standard Load Balancer supports both inbound and outbound scenarios for private and public IPs, and integrates with virtual machine scale sets. It also provides health probes per port and secure by default (closed to traffic unless explicitly allowed). Basic Load Balancer, however, is limited in scale, supports only regional availability, and is suitable for small, non-critical applications. For production workloads requiring high availability and diagnostic insights, Standard Load Balancer is the preferred option.
2. How do Application Security Groups (ASGs) enhance security and flexibility in Azure networking?
Application Security Groups (ASGs) allow you to group virtual machines with similar security requirements and apply network security rules based on those groups instead of individual IP addresses. This simplifies rule management, especially in dynamic environments where VMs are frequently added or removed. By using ASGs in NSG rules, you can define access policies based on logical groupings (e.g., web servers, app servers) rather than static IPs, reducing the risk of misconfiguration and improving agility. ASGs also support multi-tier architectures by controlling inter-tier communication securely and at scale.
3. Explain how Azure Traffic Manager enables global high availability and load distribution.
Azure Traffic Manager is a DNS-based global traffic distribution service that directs client requests based on routing methods such as performance, priority, geographic location, and weighted distribution. It improves availability by automatically failing over to healthy endpoints when a primary endpoint becomes unavailable. Traffic Manager uses health probes to monitor endpoint responsiveness, ensuring that only healthy services receive traffic. For globally distributed applications, Traffic Manager optimizes user experience by routing them to the closest or most responsive location, reducing latency and enhancing fault tolerance.
4. What role does ExpressRoute FastPath play in improving network performance and reliability?
ExpressRoute FastPath enhances performance by bypassing the ExpressRoute gateway and enabling direct routing from the on-premises network to Azure virtual network resources. This reduces latency, increases throughput, and supports higher-scale connections. FastPath is especially useful in scenarios involving high-performance computing, large-scale data transfers, and time-sensitive applications. It supports virtual network peering and simplifies route management by using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). However, FastPath does not support gateway features like forced tunneling, so careful architecture planning is needed to leverage its benefits effectively.
5. How does Azure NAT Gateway differ from SNAT provided by Azure Load Balancer, and what are its use cases?
Azure NAT Gateway is a fully managed service that provides outbound internet connectivity for VMs in a VNet using static public IP addresses. Unlike SNAT via Load Balancer, NAT Gateway supports larger SNAT port allocations and scales automatically, reducing port exhaustion issues. It allows consistent and predictable outbound IP address behavior, which is crucial for whitelisting and compliance. NAT Gateway is ideal for outbound-only scenarios, where inbound traffic is not required and predictable egress is essential—such as accessing external APIs or services.
6. Describe how to configure and secure a site-to-site VPN connection in Azure.
To configure a secure site-to-site VPN, first deploy a VPN Gateway in the Azure VNet and ensure it uses a route-based (dynamic routing) VPN type. Then configure the on-premises VPN device with matching IPsec/IKE parameters, including pre-shared keys, encryption algorithms, and local/remote network prefixes. Apply NSGs to restrict VPN traffic and configure BGP if route exchange is required. Use VPN Gateway diagnostics and connection monitoring for visibility. For enhanced security, integrate with Azure Firewall or NVA to inspect VPN traffic before it reaches internal resources.
7. How does custom DNS resolution work in a hub-and-spoke Azure network topology?
In a hub-and-spoke topology, DNS resolution is centralized using a custom DNS server deployed in the hub VNet. Spoke VNets are configured to forward DNS requests to the hub’s DNS server using VNet settings or DNS forwarders. This enables name resolution across all VNets and supports hybrid scenarios with on-premises name resolution. Azure Private DNS Zones can also be linked to multiple VNets for seamless resolution of private endpoints. Care must be taken to avoid DNS resolution loops and ensure firewall rules allow UDP/TCP 53 between subnets.
8. How does Azure Firewall Threat Intelligence mode help protect network environments?
Azure Firewall integrates threat intelligence from Microsoft Defender Threat Intelligence to detect and block traffic to and from known malicious IPs and domains. In "Alert" mode, suspicious traffic is logged but not blocked, while in "Deny" mode, it is actively blocked. This proactive layer of defense complements traditional firewall rules by responding to real-time global threat data. It is especially useful in identifying zero-day attacks, botnets, and command-and-control communication. Threat Intelligence logs can be sent to Log Analytics or SIEM systems for further analysis.
9. What strategies can be used to implement multi-region connectivity with ExpressRoute?
For multi-region connectivity using ExpressRoute, a common strategy is to deploy ExpressRoute circuits in two or more regions and use Global Reach to interconnect them. This ensures failover and optimal routing. You can also use Azure Virtual WAN or standard VNet peering between regional hubs to establish connectivity. BGP communities and route filters help control routing preferences. Traffic Manager or Front Door handles DNS-level routing to the closest region, while firewall and policy enforcement remains centralized. High availability is maintained with redundant circuits and failover mechanisms.
10. How can Azure Network Watcher’s Packet Capture be used to troubleshoot connectivity issues?
Packet Capture in Azure Network Watcher allows administrators to capture inbound and outbound traffic on a VM’s NIC. Captures can be filtered by IP, port, or protocol and stored in Azure Storage for analysis. It is helpful for diagnosing issues like DNS failures, dropped connections, or unexpected latency. Packet Capture provides visibility into raw packet data, revealing handshake failures, malformed requests, or unauthorized attempts. It's a valuable tool for incident response, security forensics, and deep-dive analysis of application traffic.
11. How does Azure Bastion improve security posture for virtual machine access?
Azure Bastion provides secure and seamless RDP/SSH access to VMs over SSL via the Azure portal without exposing public IP addresses. It eliminates the need to open inbound ports (e.g., 3389, 22) on NSGs and reduces the risk of brute force attacks. Bastion is provisioned inside a VNet and supports role-based access control (RBAC), session logging, and auditing. It simplifies remote access workflows while aligning with Zero Trust principles. Bastion also supports IP-based whitelisting and integrates with JIT VM access for added security.
12. What are the considerations when implementing cross-region VNet peering, and how is traffic charged?
Cross-region VNet peering allows private connectivity between VNets in different Azure regions. Key considerations include latency, network architecture alignment, and compliance requirements. Traffic flows privately over the Microsoft backbone, but unlike intra-region peering, cross-region peering incurs egress and ingress charges based on volume. Peering must be configured to allow forwarded traffic, gateway transit, and access to remote gateways if needed. Routing policies should be managed to prevent asymmetric routing or unintended data flow.
13. Explain how Azure Load Balancer Health Probes work and how they affect traffic distribution.
Azure Load Balancer uses health probes to determine the availability of backend instances. Probes send periodic HTTP, HTTPS, or TCP requests to a specified port. If a backend fails the probe for a specified number of attempts, it is removed from the load balancing pool until it becomes healthy again. Proper configuration of probe frequency and timeout thresholds is essential to ensure timely detection without unnecessary removal. Health probes ensure high availability by routing traffic only to responsive and healthy endpoints.
14. How does BGP route filtering improve security and manageability in ExpressRoute deployments?
BGP route filtering allows control over which routes are advertised or accepted on the ExpressRoute circuit. By using BGP communities and route filters, organizations can limit the exposure of specific routes to partners or services. This enhances security by preventing route leaks and ensuring sensitive subnets remain isolated. Filtering also helps manage routing table size, avoid overlap conflicts, and prioritize traffic paths. ExpressRoute allows filters to be applied at the Microsoft peering or private peering level based on use case.
15. What is Just-In-Time VM access and how does it enhance security in Azure environments?
Just-In-Time (JIT) VM access is a feature of Microsoft Defender for Cloud that restricts access to virtual machines by temporarily opening RDP/SSH ports only when needed. Admins request access for a specific duration and IP range, reducing the exposure window for potential attacks. JIT is configured per VM and integrated with NSGs. Logs are captured for auditing. This aligns with the principle of least privilege and strengthens overall access governance by ensuring that administrative ports are not continuously exposed.
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